Cellular
Type
Synthetic peptide (tetrapeptide, mitochondria-targeted)
Molecular formula
C32H49N9O5
Molecular weight
639.8 g/mol
CAS number
736992-21-5
Amino acids
4
Sequence
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2
Modification
D-arginine and 2,6-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) residues; C-terminal amide; salt forms shift mass.
An aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin, an anionic phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane required for cristae formation. It is not a classical receptor agonist.
Research Focus
Studied in mitochondrial-bioenergetics, oxidative-stress and ischemia-reperfusion research models.
Lyophilized
-20°C long term
2-8°C acceptable short term; protect from light.
Reconstituted
2-8°C
typically stable days to weeks; avoid freeze-thaw.
Water-soluble; oxidizing environments and pH affect stability; salt form affects mass.
Reviews
Li M, et al. (2025). Int J Mol Sci — Review of structure, mechanism, and clinical study results
Chen Y, et al. (2022). Front Pharmacol — Review of mechanisms and renal studies
Szeto HH. (2014). Br J Pharmacol — Review of the cardiolipin-binding mechanism and preclinical work
Clinical
Ehlers JP, et al. (2025). Ophthalmol Sci — Phase 2 study of elamipretide in AMD with geographic atrophy
Thompson WR, et al. (2024). Genet Med — Long-term open-label extension of elamipretide in Barth syndrome
Karaa A, et al. (2023). Neurology — Phase 3 trial of elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy
Also known as: Elamipretide
Research Use Only
These products are intended for research purposes only and are not for human consumption. Not FDA approved. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Mettu PS, et al. (2022). Ophthalmol Sci — Phase 1 study of elamipretide in dry age-related macular degeneration
Karaa A, et al. (2020). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle — Phase 2 crossover trial of elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy
Butler J, et al. (2020). J Card Fail — Phase 2 trial of elamipretide in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Thompson WR, et al. (2021). Genet Med — Phase 2/3 crossover trial of elamipretide in Barth syndrome
Karaa A, et al. (2018). Neurology — Phase 2 safety and tolerability trial in primary mitochondrial myopathy
Saad A, et al. (2017). Circ Cardiovasc Interv — Phase 2a pilot study during renal-artery revascularization
Gibson CM, et al. (2016). Eur Heart J — Phase 2a reperfusion-injury study in anterior STEMI
Primary research
Li M, et al. (2024). RSC Adv — Characterization of SS-31 derivatives (in vitro)
Mitchell W, et al. (2020). J Biol Chem — Lipid-bilayer and membrane-electrostatics mechanism study (in vitro biophysical)
Sabbah HN, et al. (2016). Circ Heart Fail — Long-term study in a canine heart-failure model
Birk AV, et al. (2013). J Am Soc Nephrol — Cardiolipin-interaction study in ischemic models
Dai DF, et al. (2013). Circ Heart Fail — Proteomic study in pressure-overload heart failure (mouse)
Zhao K, et al. (2004). J Biol Chem — Foundational inner-membrane-targeting and reperfusion-injury study
